PTE阅读长难句120分析+译文
句子：PTE阅读长难句120分析+译文
1.
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．
(定语后置in some ways…)
由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures
分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，
分句1是分句3的原因状语
分句3是整个长句子的主句
分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans
整个句子结构是：
原因状语+主句+后置定语
这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth．
(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)
要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
分句2：is
分句3：the country’s impressive population growth
分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country’s impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War．
本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.
3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore．
(同位语从句claims that…)
结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
分句1： that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health
分句2：claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore
分句2嵌套分句1，分句1作为分句2主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康
4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．
(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…)
关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。
分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports
分句2：natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like
分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。
5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly．
(同位语从句fact that…)
南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。
分句1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact
分句2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
分句3.though less spectacularly （省略）
1和2嵌套
1和3并列
6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl．
(宾语从句what we now know as)
现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。
分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled
分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl
分句1嵌套分句2，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl。
本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为促使、造成。
7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth．
(Of结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)
但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。
分句1：But these factors do not account for the interesting question
分句2：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
分句1嵌套分句2.分句2是Of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容。
8. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out．
(同位语从句rumors that…)
当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。
分句1：Amid rumors
分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region
分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
分句4：the two captains set out
分句1和分句4构成倒装，正常的语序应该是分句4+分句1，即the two captains set out Amid rumors。分句1嵌套分句2和分句3，分句2和分句3是修饰分句1的rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容。分句2和分句3构成并列关系。
9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．
(同位语a supremacy)
17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。
分句1：In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，
分句2：a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century
分句2是分句1的同位语从句，用来修饰说明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group
10．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．
(介词结构from…to…作定语)
持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century
分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it
分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality
分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects
分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，
分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance
本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects，，分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects
11．The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more．
最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Pueblo Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多间房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。
分句1：The largest rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more
分句2：later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish
分句1嵌套分句2，分句2用来修饰分句1的主语the largest,分句1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。
12．Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent．
(倒装accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)
虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。
分句1：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”
分句2：the film has never been silent
分句3：in the full sense of the word
本句的难点是在分句1内部有一个倒装，正常的语序应该是though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent.分句3是一个插入语，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句的真正强调的核心是the film has never been silent。
13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces．
(特殊结构not…SO much as…——与其说…不如说…)
在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。
分句1：.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra
分句2：and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces
分句1 和分句2构成并列关系，分句2的难点在于not…… so much as的结构。
14·Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being．
(倒装coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…)
在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。
分句1：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity
分句2：the number of species in a particular ecosystem
分句3：to the health of the Earth and human well-being
分句1内部构成倒装，正常语序应该是concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been coincident with a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being
所以真正的主句经过精简之后是concerns has been coincident with a growing appreciation
分句2是一个插入语，用来解释说明分句1结尾的biological diversity
15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species．
(同位语从句fact that…；定语从句that comprise the bulk…)
考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
分句1：The fact does not seem surprising
分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests
分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects
分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species
分句1嵌套分句2，分句2解释说明分句1的主语the fact,是同位语从句，分句3作为分句1的原因状语，分句4是定语从句，修饰分句3的the huge numbers of insects
16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small．
(特殊结构it helps to…做…有帮助)
要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。
目的状语：To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,
主句： it helps to think small． （这里的it是形式主语，没有实际意义）
1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house．
(特殊结构not any more than像…一样不…)
科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。
分句1. Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,
分句2. but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
1和2是并列分句 （转折关系）
18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities．
(从句which side…is used…作corresponds to的宾语
两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。
分句1. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to
分句2. which side of the body is used to perform specific activities．
1和2是嵌套
1是主句，2做主句的宾语
19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．
(特殊结构characterized by…——以…为特征)
尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰·巴思、唐纳德·巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。
分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon,
分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．
分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了 “which was”的定语从句
分句2 是主句
20．If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence．
(虚拟语气)
如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。
分句1. If it were not for this faculty
分句2. they would devour all the food available in short time
分句3. would probably starve themselves out of existence
分句1 是虚拟句的条件从句
分句2、3是并列， 主句
21．Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures，as are social classes．
(倒装as are social classes) ’
个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。
分句1. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures
分句2. as are social classes
1和2并列， 2 采用倒装语序，as表示“也，和… 一样”
22．People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation’s economy would bring social chaos．
(同位语从句prospect that…)
19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。
分句1. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect
分句2. unprecedented change in the nation’s economy would bring social chaos．
1和2 嵌套，
1是主句， 2 具体解释说明 prospect
23．Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation’s labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits．
(倒装Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A structural change…was accompanying that growth)
伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。
分句1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change
分句2. featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation’s labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits
1和2是嵌套
分句1是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式
分句2 是定语从句，修饰change. 这个定语从句结构较复杂，由2个and连接三个并列的名词性成分
24．As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home．
(倒装so did…)
随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。
分句1. the roles became more rigidly defined
分句2. men and women played in society
分句3. so did the roles
分句4. they played in the home．
1和2嵌套， 3和4嵌套
1和3并列
2和4分别作为定语从句修饰 roles
3是由so引导的部分倒装句
25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes．
(倒装Surrounding the column are…)
围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、
奇特但总是有用的形状。
分句1. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals
分句2. sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes．
1是主句， 采用完全倒装
26．With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it，young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression．
(倒装than had their predecessors—比较结构的第二部分)
随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。
分句1. the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War
分句2. the economic boom that followed it
分句3. young people married and established households earlier
分句4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression．
1和2并列，3和4并列
1和2 是伴随状语
3和4是主句
27．The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature；furthermore，in its manifestation of speed and noise，it might be a despoiler of human nature as well．
(关联结构could be and was)
铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者。
分句1. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature
分句2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well．
1和2 是并列 （由分号连接的两个并列分句）
28．In the railroads’ prime years，between 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，who made a profession of writing about railroading–works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and locomotive cabs．
(同位语most of them；定语从句who made a profession of writing)
在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人(他们大多有丰富的铁路经验)以写铁路题材为职业——作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。
分句1. there were a few individuals in the United States
分句2. most of them with solid railroading experience behind them
分句3. who made a profession of writing about railroading
分句4. works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and locomotive cabs．
1是主句
2和3是嵌套
2作为1中a few individuals 的同位语，对它进一步解释说明
29．On the other hand，when it comes to substantive–particularly behavioral-information，crows are less well known than many comparably common species and，for that matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to cite one obvious example．
(特殊结构for that matter)
另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。
分句1. when it comes to substantive–particularly behavioral-information
分句2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to cite one obvious example．
1和2是并列， 分句1是时间状语， 2是主句，其中包含插入语结构 以及 冒号连接的解释说明的成分
30．Keen observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers，and adept at avoiding them．
(并列同位语keen observers and quick learners)
乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物(包括研究人员)的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。
分句1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers
分句2. and adept at avoiding them．
1和2是并列
31．These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history，providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary peoplewhose existences might not otherwise be so well documented．
(宾语从句demonstrate that…；特殊结构otherwise)
这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。
分句1：These researchers have sought to demonstrate that
分句2：their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history
分句3：providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people
分句4：whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented．
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的宾语从句
分句3是动词同位语从句，以分词形式表示伴随状态
分句4补充说明，是3的从句。
1和2嵌套
1和3并列
3和4嵌套
32．Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861–1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstormand had to be abandoned．
(特殊结构Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…)
传说在内战(1861–1865)快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。
分句1：Legend has it that
分句2：sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861–1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm
分句3：and had to be abandoned
分句1是整个长句子的形式主句
分句2是分句1的具体解释，也是真正的主句。这里出现了几个分词形式，如“carrying oxen” “traveling through……”等，完全可以换成“that/which carries……”，但这里都作为修饰成分，从简分析
分句3是2的并列
1和2、3嵌套
2和3并列
33．It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life．
(并列同位语a process that…，and one that…)
教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。
分句1：It is a lifelong process， a process
分句2：that starts long before the start of school
分句3：and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life
分句1是整个长句子的形式主句
分句2是分句1的同位语从句，是对1的进一步解释说明
分句3是2的并列句，同为对1的解释说明
1和2、3嵌套
2和3并列
34．Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life．
(特殊结构as much…as；倒装as was the genesis of life)
生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。
分句1：Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge
分句2：as was the genesis of life
分句1是整个长句子的主句，虽然这一部分很长，但主谓宾只有一套，而且顺序是正常的
分句2是倒装句，按正当语序相当于“the genesis of life was as……（省略）”
1和2嵌套
35．In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them．
(特殊结构marked by；定语从句that seemed…the visible sign…)
在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现,对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。
分句1：In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges
分句2：that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them
分句1是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的
分句2是分句1的定语从句，进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了“标志”
1和2嵌套
36．And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building．
(where引导定语从句；what引导的从句作presided over的宾语)
仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。
分句1：And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork
分句2：where individual contractors presided over
分句3：what were essentially handicraft proprietorships
分句4：that coexisted within a single building
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句
分句3是2的宾语从句
分句4是3的定语从句。
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
3和4嵌套
37．But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920．the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant．
(倒装结构as did…)
但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从1880年的270万上升到1900年的450万到1920年的840万，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。
分句1：But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920
分句2：the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned
分句3：as did the size of the average plant
分句2是整个长句子的主句
分句1是分句2的状语
分句3是2的并列句，同时它是一个省略句
1和2、3嵌套
2和3并列
38．What we today call American folk art was，indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds．and especially for portraits．
(what引导的从句作主语；介词结构(art)of，by，and for…——…所有、所创和所享的(艺术))
我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。
分句1：What we today call American folk art
分句2：was，indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”
分句3：who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds．and especially for portraits
分句1是2的主语从句
分句2是整个长句子的主句
分句3是2的定语从句，修饰folks，中间虽然有多个插入语，但仍是一个分句
1和2嵌套
3和2嵌套
39．But in the heyday of portrait painting–from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.
(as引导方式状语从句)
但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者(人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的)。
分句1：But in the heyday of portrait painting–from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as
分句2：such a portraitist was called.
分句1是整个长句子的主句，中间的插入部分都是由介词引导，可见并不能算作分句
分句2是分句1的方式状语从句，由as引导
1和2嵌套
40．The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople．
(并列句；特殊结构far from)
新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在1776年雕塑作为—种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。
分句1：The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors
分句2：was far from a rich one
分句3：and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople
分句2和3是整个长句子的主句
分句1是分句2的主语从句
分句3是2的并列句
1和2嵌套
2和3并列
41．0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt．
(句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；两个when都引导定语从句：occasion when…，1770’s when…；as(in the 1770’s)的意思是“正如”)
在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像1770年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫·威尔顿制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。
分句1：0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired
分句2：Americans turned to foreign sculptors
分句3：as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt．
分句2是整个长句子的主句
分句1是分句2的定语从句
分句3是分句2的定语从句
1和2嵌套
2和3并列
42．Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers–attacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century．
(add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：if one adds to this the timidity…)
这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的——对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解18世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。
分句1：Add to this the timidity
分句2：with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers–attacked the medium
分句3：from which they were to make their images
分句4：and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century．
分句4是整个长句子的主句
分句1、2、3是分句4的条件从句，证据意为：“把这些结合起来，你就会明白……”
分句2修饰timidity，虽然这句的长度最大，信息最多，但仍然只是整句话最终结论的一个支撑。
分句3是修饰medium的定语从句
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
123 和4嵌套
43．Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles．
(what引导的从句作rise to的宾语)
沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。
分句1：Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body
分句2：which would involve the expenditure of water and energy
分句3：desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to
分句4：what would normally be fever height
分句5：and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles．
分句3、5是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句
分句4是3的宾语从句。
1和2嵌套
1、2和3嵌套
3和4嵌套
3、4和5并列
44．Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
(whereby=by which，引导定语从句，表示手段)
租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。
分句1：Rent control is the system
分句2：whereby the local government tells building owners
分句3：how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句，whereby相当于我们熟悉的by which
分句3是2的宾语从句，修饰tell 的内容宾语（因为tell有双宾语）
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
45．They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970’s，which，combined with California’s rapid population growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels．
(which引导非限定性定语从句)
它们受到了20世纪70年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。
分句1：They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970’s
分句2：which，combined with California’s rapid population growth
分句3：pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句，修饰inflation
分句3同样是分句1的定语从句，主语仍然是上一句中的which
1和2、3嵌套
2和3并列
46．Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony．
(倒装结构Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that引导的句子做principle的同位语)
其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的—体。
分句1：Implicit in it is…
分句2：that the medium has…
分句3：which sculptors must bring…
3和2嵌套
1和2嵌套
47．With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium．
(there arose…是一个存在句)
随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉(像非洲形体和面具)的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。
本句为单句，with引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，真正的主语为a new surge
48．The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks，possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms．
(possibly so=possibly so that)
普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎，但较小的红隼群栖群食，很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可以找到成群的昆虫。
分句1：the common kestrel…
分句2：but
分句3：possibly so…
分句4：where to…
1，2和3并列
3和4嵌套
49．In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，and Zuni peoples．
(when引导定语从句，what引导的从句作moved into的宾语)
16世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。
分句1：in the 1500s…
分句2：when…
分句3：what…
分句4：they encountered…
2、3和1嵌套
1和4并列
50．During the 1940’s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement．
(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible．1ight microscope作that的定语)
20世纪40年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而X光显微镜的表现却没有改进。
分句1：During the 1940…
分句2：that…
分句3：while..
1和2嵌套
1和3并列
5 1．What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected．
(what引导主语从句；that引导定语从句)
它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。
分句1：what…
分句2:is
分句3：that makes
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
52．Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false．
(out of…into…摆脱…，进入…；that引导的从句many of the values…are false作realization的同位语；we unquestioningly accept作values的定语)
讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。
分句1：Satire jars…
分句2：that many…
分句3：we unquestioningly…
2和3嵌套
1和2嵌套
53．With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectives．scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude．
(and连接并列句)
讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。
本句为单句，主语是satire,谓语为3个平行的动词：rearranges, scrambles, speaks…
With 引导介词短语为伴随状态。
54．It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy．
(that引导的从句作reminder的同位语)
它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客气地提醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。
分句1：it has lived…
分句2：because readers…
分句3：that they lived…
1和2为并列
2和3为嵌套
55． Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them。nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity．
(特殊结构attribute to——赋予，归因于；nor放在句首引起倒装)
军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私地服务。
分句1：soldiers…
分句2：that movies…
分句3：nor do ordinary citizens…
1和3并列
1和2嵌套
56．In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field，the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation．
(what引导的从句作specializing in的宾语)
除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。
分句1：in addition to…
分句2：what may seem …
分句3：the researcher is…
分句4：that has little…
1和2嵌套
1和3并列
3和4嵌套
57.Moreover，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best．
(句子主干是the degree…helps determine…，从句to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed作degree的定语)
而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。
Hygiene
58.It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies．
(It was…who为强调句；the first copies为前面the first official copies的同位语)
就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣言》签署者名字并因此预告所有13个殖民地的支持的早期版本。
分句1：it was…
分句2：who publish…
分句3：the first
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
59.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks，the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large，but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year.
与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。
分句1：the distance…
分句2：but they too
分句3：that…
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
60.The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert，mountain，and semiarid plain could pay a profit．
(that引导的从句作skepticism的同位语)
主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀疏的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。
分句1：the primary…
分句2：that a railroad…
1和2嵌套
61.The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group，seems fair．for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense．
(复合句，主句的主干是the argument…seems fair，其中从句that humans…had some number sense做argument的同位语)
人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出“多了”还是“少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。
分句1. The argument seems fair
分句2. humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，
分句3. at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less
分句4. when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group
分句5. for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense．
1和5并列
2和3嵌套
3和4嵌套
1和2嵌套
分句1是前半句的主干，和分句5并列。分句2中包含一个插入结构：even in prehistoric times，分句3是分句2的状语；分句4是分句3的定语从句；分句2是分句1的同位语从句。
62.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals，vegetation，or materials adversely．
(特殊结构such…as to——如此…以致)
空气污染物的一个有用定义是：一种直接或间接加入到空气里的化合物，其数量足以对人类、动物、植物或物质产生不利影响。
分句1.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere
分句2.in such quantities as to affect humans, animals，vegetation，or materials adversely
1和2嵌套
分句2是分句1的补语
63．The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers．
(awareness…was tied to tremendous growth…为句子主干)
公众对一段时间内一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与19世纪晚期通俗新闻的巨大增长(包括杂志和报纸在数量和发行量上的增长)紧密相连。
分句1.The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century
分句2. had been taking place for some time
分句3.including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers
1和2嵌套
1和3嵌套
分句1是句子主干，分句2是分句1的同位语从句，分句3including现在分词是分句1中修饰tremendous growth的定语。
64．A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry，a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs，which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints．
(被动语态)
已经使用照相测量法(一种通过照相获得测量数据的技术)对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研究，这种方法产生了一张显示脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。
分句1. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry
分句2. a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs
分句3. which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints
2和3并列
1和2，3嵌套
1是主干，2和3都是1 : the prints using photogrammetry的定语：2是插入语，3是定语从句。
65．Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids，but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones．
(特殊结构not merely…but also；比较结构)
因此脚印不仅仅为我们提供早期人类软组织的稀有印记，而且为我们提供了直立行走的证据，这些证据在许多方面比骨头分析所提供的证据更清楚。
分句1. Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids
分句2. but also with evidence of upright walking
分句3. that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones
1和2 并列
2和3嵌套
2中省略：Footprints provide；3是2的同位语从句
66．In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of worms，shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals．
(从句that transplants…are accepted…作evidence的同位语)
实际上，从海绵到某些种类的蠕虫、有壳的水生动物和所有的脊椎动物(有脊柱的生物)的整个动物界都有证据表明，进入动物体的细胞或组织片断移植只有在来自基因上相容或关系密切的个体时才被接受。
分句1. In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of worms，shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column)，
分句2. there is evidence
分句3. transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
1是2的状语，3是2的同位语从句
67．In the twenties，jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime had at the turn of the century，and as would rhythm and blues in the forties，rock in the fifties，and disco in the seventies．
(特殊结构much as…and as…——就像…以及…一样)
20年代，爵士乐成为舞蹈音乐中最热门的新事物，正如世纪之交流行的拉格泰姆音乐，以及40年代节奏与布鲁斯，50年代摇滚乐，和70年代迪斯科将会流行一样。
分句1. In the twenties，jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music,
分句2. much as ragtime had at the turn of the century
分句3. and as would rhythm and blues in the forties，rock in the fifties，and disco in the seventies．
1和2嵌套
2和3并列
2是1的补语。2中包含much as…and as的并列结构。
68．They made these quilt until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775，when everything English came to be frowned upon．
(when引导的定语从句修饰1775；flown upon——对…表示不满)
他们一直做这种被子，直到1775年美国革命来临，当时美国人对英国的任何东西都表示不满。
69．Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.
(特殊结构to the exclusion of 除…的存在)
一片红赤杨树紧紧长在一起，枝叶共同编织出一个厚密的树顶，它们能够完全占领一个地方，以致排除几乎任何其他东西的生长。
分句1. Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches
分句2. a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.
1和2嵌套
1是现在分词独立成分，做句子的状语。
70．In taking up a new life across the Atlantic，the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life．
(介词提前的定语从句：with which…，其中which指前面的diversions)
在越过大西洋开始新生活后，美国早期的欧洲移民并没有抛弃他们的祖先传统上借以解闷的消遣。
分句1. In taking up a new life across the Atlantic，
分句2. the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions
分句3. with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life
1和2嵌套
2和3嵌套
1是2的状语，3是修饰 diversions的定语从句，relieve with的搭配中介词with提前。
71． Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.
(Farm dwellers…not only found it harder to…，but also…felt it necessary to…为句子主干)
单独居住的农场居民不仅发现在娱乐中很难找到伴侣，而且，由于来自工作的无休止的要求和压力，他们觉得必须把实用目的与乐趣结合起来。
分句1. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play
分句2. but also felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.
分句3. thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work,
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
1和2是not only… but also的并列；2是3的原因状语，2省略主语Farm dwellers
72．The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.
(特殊结构as…as——像…一样…)
对像意识这样个人化的经历的科学研究令人沮丧，它远非实验心理学家通常的研究工具所能胜任。
分句1. The scientific investigation is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.
分句2. of an experience as private as consciousness
1和2嵌套
2的of结构是1主语scientific investigation的定语。
73．Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets．
(倒装句：Among the species of seabirds…are…=…are among the species of seabirds…)
夏天在加拿大大西洋沿岸迎风的悬崖上交配、产卵并抚育后代的海鸟中有普通海鸦、大西洋海鹦、黑脚三趾鸥和北部塘鹅。
分句1. Among the species of seabirds are common murres, Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets．
分句2. use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young
1和2嵌套
1是倒装结构，正常的句子顺序是：Common murres, Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets are among the species of seabirds. 主宾颠倒，是因为宾语seabirds后边跟着一个定语从句2.
74．The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks，and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.
(The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from…and from为句子主干)
在悬崖上筑巢的一大优势是可以避开不能攀登峭壁的狐狸和很难在窄峭的突出岩石上立足来偷鸟卵的渡鸦和其他鸥类。
分句1. The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes,
分句2. which cannot scale the sheer rocks
分句3. and from ravens and other species of gulls,
分句4. which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.
1和3并列
1和2嵌套
3和4嵌套
1中省略which；3中省略it gives。2是1的定语从句；4是3的定语从句
75．Their distrust was caused，in part，by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living·
(that引导的从句作ideology的同位语)
他们的这种不信任部分是由一种全民性的思想意识引起的，这种意识宣称耕作是最伟大的职业，乡村生活优于城市生活。
分句1. Their distrust was caused，in part，by a national ideology
分句2. that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living·
1和2嵌套
2是1中a national ideology的同位语从句。
76．A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginia，and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artists．and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement．
(A few art collectors…introduced European art traditions to those colonists…and established…the idea…and the need…为句子主干)
几个艺术收藏家，波士顿的詹姆士·鲍德温三世、弗吉尼亚的威廉·白尔德租费城的阿里昂夫妇以及汉密尔顿夫妇将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区形成了艺术有价值和需要设立机构以鼓励其发展的观念。
分析：
此长句全为主句，没有从句。整句只能找主干与修饰部分，不能分主从句
主干：art collectors introduced traditions to those colonists and established in the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions
修饰成分：
（1） 几个人名并列：Tames Bowdoin III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginia，and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia
（2） 非谓语动词后缀修饰名词：privileged to visit their galleries修饰colonists
devoted to its encouragement修饰institutions
（3） 插入语 ，especially aspiring artists．
（4） 介词短语修饰谓语动词：in their respective communities 修饰 established
77．The achievements of the colonial artists，particularly those of Copley，West, and Peale，lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste——a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic．
(The achievements…lent credence to the boast that…and that…为句子主干，两个that引导的两个从句都作boast的同位语)
这些殖民地艺术家的成就，尤其是考伯莱、韦斯特和皮尔的成就，为新国家有能
力鼓励天才和政治自由与艺术品味的发展相一致的宣言提供了凭证——这是艺术，在新的共和国里担当重要角色之前所必须经历的一步。
解析：
主句：The achievements of the colonial artists lent credence to the boast
同位语从句1：that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius
同位语从句2：that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste 其中
“——“引导的从句：a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic．
修饰成分：
插入语：，particularly those of Copley，West, and Peale，
其中两个同位语从句1和2由and并列在一起，共同修饰主句中的宾语boast
“——“引导的从句是用来修饰整个主句的，对其进行补充描述
插入语修饰artists
78．The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources，made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production，and carried consumer goods to households.
(and连接的并列句；strip…of…——剥夺…的…)
铁路同时剥夺了土地的自然资源，使运输速度和规模经济成为工业生产的必需部分，并将消费品送到各家各户。
解析：此长句为几个并列句
并列句1：The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources，
并列句2：made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production，
并列句3：carried consumer goods to households.
三个并列句用and相连，共同用一个主语 railroad
79．Moreover，in addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals，crossings，bridges，and junctions，plus telegraph and telephone lines, the railroad nurtured factory complexes，coat piles, warehouses，and generating stations，forming along its right of way what has aptly been called “the metropolitan corridor” of the American landscape.
(the railroad nurtured factory complexes…为句子主干；what引导的从句作forming的宾语)
而且，铁路除了是装备有庞大的路轨信号厂、十字路口、桥梁、交叉点以及电报和电话线的运输路径外，还产生了联合工厂、服装大楼、仓库和发电站，在它的沿途形成了美国风景中被恰如其分地叫做“都市走廊”的景象。
解析：
主句：the railroad nurtured factory complexes…..
从句1：in addition to its being a transportation pathway
修饰成分1：equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals，crossings，bridges，and junctions，plus telegraph and telephone lines,
修饰成分2：forming along its right of way
从句2：what has aptly been called “the metropolitan corridor” of the American landscape.
从句2修饰修饰成分2中的way
修饰成分2修饰了主句中的宾语factory complexes…..
修饰成分1修饰了从句1
从句1修饰主句中的主语the railroad
80.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry，using the reeds，grasses，barks，and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes—not only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fish traps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects．
(fashion制作)
加利福尼亚北部的美国土著人非常擅长编织工艺，他们用在周围找到的芦苇、野草、树皮和树根来制作各种类型和大小的物件，不仅有盘子、容器和饭锅，还有帽子、小船、鱼钩、婴儿篮和仪式用品。
分析：
主句：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry
从句1：using the reeds…to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes
从句2：they found around them
从句3：—not only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fish traps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects．
从句3修饰从句1中的articles of all sorts and sizes
从句2修饰从句1中的reeds，grasses，barks，and roots
从句1修饰主句整句
81.The warp was always made of willow，and the most commonly used welt was sedge root—a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread．
(a woody fiber作sedge root的同位语)
经向篾条总是用柳条做成，使用最多的横向篾条是莎草根，这是一种能够被轻易分成不比线条粗的多股的木质纤维。
解析：
主句为两个并列句：
并列句1：The warp was always made of willow，
并列句2：the most commonly used welt was sedge root—a woody fiber
从句1：that could easily be separated into strands．
从句2：no thicker than a thread
从句1作为同位语从句，修饰并列句2中的宾语sedge root—a woody fiber
从句2修饰从句1中的strands
82.Therefore，if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks．
(特殊结构may well have been——可能是)
因此，如果地球开始时是太空中一个过热的球体，那么所有组成地壳的岩石都可能是火成的，因此成为所有其他岩石的祖先。
解析：
主句：all the rocks may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks
从句1：if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space
从句2：making up its crust
主句中两个宾语部分igneous和the ancestors of all other rocks并列
从句1作为条件状语从句，修饰主句
从句2非谓语动词后置修饰主句中的主语rocks
83· It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared–the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter，open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy，with an attendant rise in social disorder，and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools．
(It was in the cities that the elements…first appeared为强调句；破折号之后的部分是对前面elements一词的具体说明；attendant——伴随的)
正是在城市里，第一次出现了能够与现代资本主义联系起来的一些因素——货币与商业文件的使用代替了实物交换，以及随着社会混乱的增加，公开竞争代替了社会顺从和阶层，还有使用煤或水力的工厂的出现代替了用手工工具劳动的独立手艺人。
解析：强调句型，in plates of ：代替
主句：the elements first appeared in the cities
从句1：that can be associated with modern capitalism
从句2：the use of money and commercial paper, open competition and the appearance of factories
从句3：in place of barter
从句4：in place of social deference and hierarchy
从句5：with an attendant rise in social disorder
从句6：using coal or water power
从句7：in place of independent craftspeople
从句8：working with hand tools．
其中从句8修饰从句7中的craftspeople
从句7修饰从句2中的factories
从句6修饰从句2中的factories
从句5修饰从句2中的open competition
从句4修饰从句2中的open competition
从句3修饰从句2中的money and commercial paper
从句2修饰主句中的elements
从句1修饰主句中的elements
84.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design．
(The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established and fostered by…为句子主干)
老一代画家大多数出生于1835年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。
解析：
主句1：The older painters practiced in a mode often self-taught
主句2：monopolized by landscape subject matter
主句3：were securely established in
主句4：fostered by the reigning American art organization
从句1：most of whom were born before 1835
修饰结构1：the National Academy of Design
主句1，2，3，4是并列关系，用and并列
从句1修饰主句1的painters
修饰结构1是主句4中的American art organization的同位语
85．Most important，perhaps，was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist，Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River．
(倒装句：Most important…was that…=that…was most important)
也许最重要的是，他们都在某种程度上忠实地保持一种与美国第一位流行山水画家托马斯·科尔相一致的技巧和创作方式，后者是以描绘临近哈得逊河的恺特斯基尔山风景而建立其事业的。
解析：倒装结构Most important…was that
正确顺序：That they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition was most important
主句：That…was most important
从句1：they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition
从句2：who built a career
从句3：painting the Catskill Mountain scenery
从句4：bordering the Hudson River．
修饰结构1：with a certain fidelity
修饰结构2：consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist
修饰结构3：Thomas Cole
从句1是主句1后that引导的部分，也就是其中的主语
从句2是修饰结构2中的artist的同位语
从句3是修饰从句2中的career
从句4是修饰从句2中的scenery
修饰结构1修饰从句1的谓语maintain
修饰结构2修饰从句1中的technique and composition
修饰结构3是修饰结构2中artist的同位语
86．In 15 or 30 seconds．a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question，cannot detail the probable causes of the problem，and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others．
(以and连接的并列句)
在15或30秒的时间里，发言人无法建立形成正在讨论的问题的历史背景；不能 详细阐述问题产生的可能原因；无法仔细审查几种建议以辩论哪一种更可取。
解析：
主句1：a speaker cannot establish the historical context
主句2：cannot detail the probable causes of the problem
主句3：and cannot examine alternative proposals
从句1：that shaped the issue in question
从句2：to argue that one is preferable to others．
主句1，2，3并列关系
从句1修饰主句1中的context
从句2修饰主句3的proposal
87．Recognizing the power of television’s pictures，politicians craft televisual, staged events，called pseudo—events，designed to attract media coverage．
(三个过去分词结构staged，called pseudo—events，designed to…都作定语，其中staged修饰events，called pseudo．events与designed to attract media coverage都修饰前面的staged events；craft——制作)
政治家们认识到电视画面的威力，因此精心制作旨在吸引媒体报道的经过故意安排的电视事件(被称为虚构事件)。
解析：
主句：politicians craft televisual
从句1：Recognizing the power of television’s pictures
从句2：called pseudo—events
从句3：designed to attract media coverage．
修饰结构1：staged events
从句1修饰主句中的politicians
从句2修饰主句中的 televisual
修饰结构1是televisual的同位语
从句3修饰主句中的televisual
88．Now，scientists have data from satellites and ground—based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign．
(介词提前的定语从句：from which，which指前面的data)
如今，科学家们根据来自卫星和陆基观察的数据得知，极光是发光原理类似于霓虹灯的巨大的电流释放。
解析：
主句：scientists have data from satellites and ground—based observations
从句1：from which we know
从句2：the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge
从句3：similar to that occurring in a neon sign
从句1修饰主句中的data
从句2作为从句1的宾语从句，表示科学家从data中的得知的内容
从句3修饰从句2整句
89．Outside the magnetosphere，blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind，a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field．
(倒装句：blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind…=the solar wind…is blasting toward the Earth)
在磁气圈的外围，太阳风暴——一个有着自身磁场、迅速移动的电离化气团构成的等离子体一极快地袭向地球。
解析：
主句： blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind
倒装结构，正常顺序为the solar wind…is blasting toward the Earth
修饰结构1：Outside the magnetosphere
修饰结构2：with its own magnetic field
从句：a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases
修饰结构1修饰整个主句
修饰结构2修饰从句中的ionized gases
从句是主句中solar wind的同位语从句
90．Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration，from town and farm to city，within the United States．
(倒装句：Matching the influx…was a domestic migration…=a domestic migration…was matching the influx…)
19世纪晚期，与外国移民流入美国较大城市相媲美的，是美国本土移民从小镇和乡村到城市的国内迁移。
解析：
倒装，主干正常顺序是a domestic migration was Matching the influx of foreign immigrants….
从句1：from town and farm to city，
从句2：within the United States
从句1，2共同修饰主干中的a domestic migration
91．The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories．
(and连接的并列句；过去分词结构needed to…作large concentrations of people的定语)
农业革命刺激了许多生活在乡村的人去城市寻找新生活，而且使较少的农民有可能养活不断增加的工厂需要用来提供劳动力的集中人群。
分句1：The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside
分句2：to seek a new life in the city
分句3：made it possible for fewer farmers
分句4：to feed the large concentrations of people
分句5：needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories．
1和2嵌套
3和4嵌套
4和5嵌套，5修饰4中的the large concentrations of people
1和3并列
92．The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask，for example，why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available．
(The different uses…are of interest to anthropologists…为句子主干)
各个社会对这些材料的不同用途是人类学家所感兴趣的，例如这些人类学家或许会问，当两种东西都能够得到时，为什么一个民族会选择使用粘土而不是铜。
分句1：The different uses are of interest to anthropologists
分句2：to which societies put these materials
分句3：who may ask，for example， why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available．
1和2嵌套，2中的介词to应在put之后，2定语修饰1中的uses
3和1嵌套，3中的who引导的定语修饰1中的anthropologists
93.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically，the materials by no means determine what is done．
(三个what引导的从句，第一个作主语，第二个与第三个都作宾语；that至句末的部分作realization的同位语)
对人类学家有着特殊意义的是这样一种认识：尽管一个社会能够得到的材料可能在一定程度上限制或影响它在艺术上的作为，但这些材料绝对不能决定该社会所做的事情。
分句1：What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization
分句2：although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically
分句3：the materials by no means determine what is done．
2和3并列
1和2，3嵌套，2和3是1中the realization的同位语
94．As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health，it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy．
(复合句：as从句，主句中的it是形式主语，不定式结构to suggest that…是真正的主语，that引导的宾语从句的主干是every disease and condition…might be responsive to vitamin therapy)
由于维生素被认为是健康必需的食物成分，所以过去无有效疗法的每种疾病和状况都可能会对维生素疗法起反应这一建议变得很有吸引力。
分句1：As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health
分句2：it became tempting to suggest
分句3：every disease and condition might be responsive to vitamin therapy．
分句4：for which there had been no previous effective treatment
3和4嵌套，4修饰3中的disease and condition
2和3嵌套，2和3构成宾语从句
1和2并列
95．Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine．
(倒装句Here in lay the beginning=the beginning lay here in，what引导的从句作of的宾语，修饰beginning)
这里面包含了医学中从对营养疗法价值无知到否认其价值这一过程的开端。
分句1：Here in lay the beginning
分句2：of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine．
1中是倒装，正常语序：the beginning lay in here
1和2嵌套，2修饰1中的主语the beginning
96．The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed．
(left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed=left the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed idle，其中idle做the loom…，the soap kettle …等宾语的补语)
工业之水已经流过，让织布机闲置在阁楼里，把煮皂壶送进了棚子里。
分句1：The flow of industry has passed
分句2：left idle the loom in the attic
分句3：the soap kettle in the shed．（省略）
2和3并列
1是2，3的原因
97．They are an example of a common theme in evolution，the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason–in this case，for flight．
(the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason作a common theme in evolution的同位语)
它们例证了进化中的一个常见主题，即不同类型的身体结构和功能为了同一目的 而或多或少地平行发展——在这种情况下，是为了飞行的目的。
分句1：They are an example of a common theme in evolution
分句2：the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason
分句3：–in this case，for flight．
2和3嵌套，3是2的补充说明
1和2嵌套，2是1中theme的同位语
98．Indeed，had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils，they might well have been classified as dinosaurs．
(虚拟语气，条件从句had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils省略了if，助动词had提前；正常语序为if it had not been for the superb preservation of these fossils)
确实，如果不是这些化石被极好地保存下来，它们也许会被归到恐龙里去。
分句1：had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils
分句2：they might well have been classified as dinosaurs．
1和2并列
省略+倒装+虚拟语气
1：（省略+倒装）正常语序：if it had not been for the superb preservation of these fossils
1是2的虚拟条件
99．Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful，the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants’ side，as increasing business specialization became the order of the day．
(as从句，表示伴随情况)
尽管政府清除定期集市和拍卖的努力不成功，但当不断出现的商业分工成为当时的通例时，常规的经济发展路线还是站在了商人一边。
分句1：Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful
分句2：the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants’ side
分句3：as increasing business specialization became the order of the day．
2和3并列，2是3的伴随状语
1和2，3并列，构成让步逻辑关系
100．Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle，but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice．
(特殊结构not only…but；倒装Not only did…)
不仅他们为总督和他的圈子提供服务，而且殖民地各地的公民来首府参加两院和市政会的立法会议以及法庭会议。
分句1：Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle
分句2：but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice．
1和2并列
倒装+省略: 正常语序：They did not only cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony (also) came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice．
101．As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates，the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird，which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment．
(as从句)
当聚集在巢底的水蒸发时，水蒸气上升并被正在孵卵的鸟加热，于是为孵化环境增加了较大的湿度。
分句1：As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates
分句2：the water vapor rises
分句3：the water vapor is heated by the incubating bird
分句4：which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment．
2和3并列
1和2，3并列，1是2，3的条件
4和1，2，3嵌套，非限定性从句引导词which代表1，2，3
102．The motivation derived from the text，and in the case of singing，the music，in combination with the performer’s skills，personality，and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic，political，or pedagogic communication
(句子主干是the motivation…and…the music…will determine the success…；in combination with…与…相结合)
从剧本里获得的动力，还有(在演唱的情况下的)音乐，与表演者的技巧、个性和引起共鸣的能力相结合，将决定艺术、政治或者教学等交际活动的成功与否。
分句1：The motivation and the music will determine the success
分句2：derived from the text
分句3：in the case of singing
分句4：in combination with the performer’s skills，personality，and ability to create empathy
分句5：of artistic，political，or pedagogic communication
1和2嵌套，2修饰motivation
1和4嵌套，2是1，4的条件
1和5嵌套，5修饰1中的success
103．How a speaker perceives the listener’s receptiveness，interest，or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation，by encouraging or discouraging the speaker．
(how a speaker perceives…作主语)
在任何特定的谈话中，讲话者如何看待听众的接纳性、兴趣或同情，能够通过鼓励讲话者或使之泄气而极大地改变他讲话的语调。
分句1：How a speaker perceives the listener’s receptiveness，interest，or sympathy in any given conversation
分句2：can drastically alter
分句3：the tone of presentation
分句4：by encouraging or discouraging the speaker．
1，2，3构成句子的主干，1是主语，2是谓语，3是宾语
4和1，2，3并列，是方式状语。
104．Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy，by constricted and harsh sound of the angry，and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed．
(evidence作动词——表现出来)
情感健康能够通过高兴者直爽、悦耳的声音，生气者急促、严厉的声音，和忧郁者沉闷、冷漠的声音而表现出来。
分句1：Emotional health is evidenced in the voice
分句2：by free and melodic sounds of the happy
分句3：by constricted and harsh sound of the angry
分句4：by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed．
2，3，4并列
1和2，3，4嵌套
这个句子比较简单，重点是弄清楚evidence的歌词在这句话中意思，注意一词多义现象，要理解词的意思要注意联系上下文。
105．Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility．
(特殊结构combined with——加上)
工业化和经济生活的官僚化，加上重新强调证书和专长，使得学校教育对经济和社会变动性越来越重要。
本句并不难主要是要分清句子主干，分清并列结构。
分句1：Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life
分句2：combined with
分句3：a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise
分句4：to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility．
1和3并列，同等位置有2连接构成主语
1，2，3和4嵌套，4是谓语和宾语部分。
106．Kindergartens，vacation schools，extracurricular activities，and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students，many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants．
(定语从句many of whom…修饰students)
幼儿园、假期学校、课外活动、职业教育和咨询服务等将公立学校的影响扩大到学生的生活中，而在更大的工业城市中，许多学生都是移民的后代。
分句1：Kindergartens，vacation schools，extracurricular activities，and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students
分句2：many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants
1和2嵌套
107．The canopy．the upper level of the trees in the rain forest，holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size，which may include monkeys，cats，civets，and porcupines．
(同位语the upper level；定语从句which may include…修饰climbing mammals)
树冠层，即雨林中树林的顶部，生活着众多体型较大的爬行哺乳动物，其中可能包括猴子、猫科动物、灵猫和豪猪。
分句1：The canopy
分句2：the upper level of the trees in the rain forest，holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size
分句3：which may include monkeys，cats，civets，and porcupines
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
108．The weight of a gibbon(a small ape)hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down SO that fruit—bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face．
(难词arch…——使…弯曲下来)
悬在树枝下的长臂猿(一种小型猿类)的体重使树枝末端弯曲下来，以便结果的树叶掉向长臂猿的面部。
分句1：The weight of a gibbon(a small ape)
分句2：hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down
分句3：SO that fruit—bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face
1和2嵌套
2和3并列
109．Finally，for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic，since trees that yield these foods can be sparse．
(特殊结构supplement…with…——以…补充)
最后，对于以水果或种子来补充其昆虫食物的许多小型哺乳动物而言，不能跨越树冠之间的无树问隙可能很成问题，因为生产这些食物的树林可能分布很稀疏。
分句1：for the many small mammals
分句2：that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic
分句3：since trees that yield these foods can be sparse
1和2嵌套
1和3并列
110．Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century，most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of history，just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on ” great men”
(特殊结构as…——正如)
尽管19世纪搜集了更多关于普通妇女的信息，但是关于妇女的大多数写作都遵循史学中的“伟大女性”理论，正如主流的美国历史较多关注“伟大男性”一样。
分句1：Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century
分句2：most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of history
分句3：just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on ” great men”
1和2、3并列
2、3并列
111．The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style，characterized by sinuous lines，floral and vegetable motifs，and soft evanescent coloration．
(特殊结构marked by…——以…为标志、characterized by…——特征是)
19世纪末与20世纪早期以一种国际新艺术风格的发展为标志，这一艺术风格的
特征是：线条弯曲、以花卉和果蔬为主题，颜色柔和飘逸。
分句1：The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were
分句2：marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style
分句3：characterized by sinuous lines，floral and vegetable motifs，and soft evanescent coloration．
2和3并列
1和2、3嵌套
1 12．Although its influence continued throughout the mid 1920’s, it was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century．
(特殊结构known as…——被称为)
尽管其影响在整个20世纪20年代中期继续存在，但最终还是被世纪之交以来就存在的新的思想流派——功能主义所替代。
分句1：Although its influence continued throughout the mid 1920’s
分句2：it was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism
分句3：that had been present since the turn of the century．
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
113．This new design concept，coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades，created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor．
(特殊结构coupled with…——加上)
这一新的设计概念，加上战后对过去数十年风格与传统的强烈反应，产生了一种全新的公众品味，使得新艺术类型的玻璃不再受人欢迎。
分句1：This new design concept
分句2：coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades，created an entirely new public taste
分句3：which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor．
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
1 14．Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability．decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders．”
(同位语从句evidence that…)
尽管领袖常被人认为是个人能力非比寻常的人，但是数十年的研究迄今未能提供一致的证据表明存在任何“天然领袖”类型。
分句1：Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability
分句2：decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence
分句3：that there is any category of “natural leaders．”
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
115．Furthermore，although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader，research suggests that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals．
(复合句)
而且，尽管一般人认为社会团体只有一位领袖，但是研究表明通常存在由不同个体担任的两个不同的领导角色。
分句1：Furthermore，although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader
分句2：research suggests
分句3：that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals．
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
116．Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them．
(特殊结构less…than…——较少…较多…)
善于表达的领袖较少注重团体的整体目标，较多注重为团体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争和冲突。
分句1：Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group
分句2：than with providing emotional support to group members
分句3：and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them
1和2、3并列
2和3并列
117．Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple—step tasks is accomplished in a series—parallel sequence．
(倒装句)
同样重要的是一个事实：多步任务是按照系列—平行序列完成的。
分句1：Equally important is the fact
分句2：that the execution of multiple—step tasks is accomplished in a series—parallel sequence
1和2嵌套
118．Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate，or transitional，between land mammals and cetaceans．
(倒装句)
到最近为止，一直缺乏连接陆地哺乳动物和鲸目动物的明显的中间或过渡化石。
分句1：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate
分句2：or transitional
分句3：between land mammals and cetaceans
1和2并列
1、2和3嵌套
119．For example，people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively，whereas people who believe that a particular War or act of aggression is unjust，who think that aggression is never justified，are less likely to behave aggressively．
(whereas结构)
例如，那些认为在战争中侵略是必要的和正当的人更有可能表现出攻击行为，而那些认为具体的侵略战争或行为是不公平的或永远都不正当的人不太可能表现出侵略行为。
分句1：For example，people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively
分句2：whereas people who believe that a particular War or act of aggression is unjust
分句3：who think that aggression is never justified
分句4：are less likely to behave aggressively
1和2、3、4并列
2和3并列
2、3和4嵌套
120．The Whigs were strongest in the towns，cities，and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy，whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically．
(whereas结构)
在城镇和那些与市场经济完全接轨的农村地区辉格党的势力最强；而民主党控制经济上孤立而薄弱的贫穷农业地区。
分句1：The Whigs were strongest in the towns，cities
分句2：and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy
分句3：whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming
分句4：were more isolated and languishing economically