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雅思写作高分–应注意的标点符号!

由于中文和英语中标点符号的用法不同,因此经常有考生因为标点符号用错而丢分。比如本该是句号的地方写了逗号,而导致语法错误或者后面句子的首字母大小写出现问题。尤其是对于雅思的写作,标点符号的运用本身就是一项评分标准。因此 为了让大家尽可能地避免因错误使用标点符号而被扣分,我们还是需要系统地学习一下雅思考试中常见标点符号的用法!

1.逗号(comma)

当一句话还没有说完时,可以使用逗号表示停顿。但是在英语中,绝不能用逗号连接两个句子,要想连接一定要使用连词才可以。逗号常用于以下情形:

A.并列句中,连词(如and,as,but,for,nor,so或yet)前面用逗号。如:

Ryan went to the beach yesterday, but he forgot his sunscreen.

(瑞恩昨天去了海边,但他忘记带防晒霜了。)

Water bills usually rise during the summer, as people are thirstier during hot and humid days.

(夏天的水费总是居高不下,因为在炎热潮湿的日子里人们会变得更干渴。)

B.在罗列清单时使用逗号。

逗号的另一常用用法是分隔逐一排列的清单。通常来说,你需要在罗列的两样东西中间插入逗号,最后一样东西的逗号之后则需要加上一个连词。

The fruit basket contained apples, bananas, and oranges.

(果篮里有苹果、香蕉,还有橘子。)

The computer store was filled with video games, computer hardware, and other electronic paraphernalia.

(计算机商店里有卖各种电子游戏、电脑硬件和其他电子设备。)

但如果在句子并列结构的最后成分前加了连词 and, or, but 等,而没加逗号则可能会对句子意思造成影响。举个例子:

(1) You should buy some pens, red bags and notebooks.

(2) You should buy some pens, red bags, and notebooks.

这两个句子的表意有所不同,第二个句子 red 只修饰 bags,但第一个句子 red 可以解读为修饰 bags 以及 notebooks,因此为了避免歧义,要学会正确使用逗号。

C.在使用多个形容词描述一个名词时使用逗号。

有时我们会用好几个形容词来描述一个具有多种性质的名词,这时逗号的用法与罗列清单时的用法类似,唯一不同的是,不能在最后一个形容词后再加上逗号。如:

The powerful, resonating sound caught our attention.

(那一声刺耳、回荡的声音引起了我们的注意。)

D.在分隔上下级地区时使用逗号。

提到特定地名时,应从最小的单位开始写起,逐层向上扩展。例如,在提到某个城市时,你应该先写城市的名字,随后是其所在州名,随后是其所在国名,以此类推。每一级地区名后都应加上逗号。如:

I am originally from Hola, Tana River County, Kenya.

(我来自肯尼亚塔纳河郡的霍拉。)

Los Angeles, CA, is one of the largest cities in the United States.

(加州的洛杉矶是全美最大的城市之一。)

E.状语从句或短语,放在主句的主语前面时,要用逗号。如:

To catch the bus, I get up early.

After the show, John and I went out to dinner.

(演出过后,我和约翰一起吃了晚餐。)

On the back of my couch, my cat’s claws have slowly been carving a large hole.

(在我家沙发的背后,有一个被我的猫越抓越大的破洞。)

F.同位语或插入语前后应用逗号,如:

Bill Gates, Ex-CEO of Microsoft, is the developer of the operating system known as Windows.

(比尔·盖茨,微软的前CEO,是Windows操作系统的开发者。)

She, I think, is a beautiful lady.

G.非限制性定语从句中,也需要用逗号将主句和从句分隔开。如:

(1) All the books which had pictures in them were sent to the library.

(2) All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the library.

这里第一个句子的意思是“所有带插图的图书都被送到了图书馆”,第二个句子的意思是“所有的图书都被送到了图书馆,这些图书都带有插图”,加不加逗号句意完全不同。

2.句号(full stop,或者叫period)
A.表示一句话已经说完了。

英文中两个完整的句子或者两个并列分句之间一般不能用逗号隔开,这一点在平时写作中很多人都能注意到,但当遇到 however,thus 这类词时,有时候很容易犯错。比如:

(1) This is a cheap and simple process, however, there are dangers.

(2) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire, thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.

第一个句子中当 however 表示转折含义时它是副词,不能当连词用,因此逗号应该改为分号或者句号。即:

This is a cheap and simple process; however, there are dangers. /  This is a cheap and simple process. However, there are dangers.

第二个句子中 thus 是副词,同样不能当连词用,因此句子要改成:

Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. / Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire; thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.

2.省略词后一般用句号,此时的句号叫缩写符,如Mr.,Mrs.,Dr.,这时这个缩写符是要加的,但是像U.K.不加“.”也是可以的。

3.顿号

英文中无顿号,想要表示停顿,只能使用逗号,这是中文和英文差距非常大的地方。

4.问号

问号是表示提问的。通常在疑问句后用问号,若疑问句被改为间接引语的话,就不用问号。如:

How will you solve the problem?

I wonder how you will solve the problem.

5.感叹号

感叹号通常在感叹句、祈使句后用得比较多。aeas考试中低年级的同学一般都考查记叙文,所以可以在适当的时候使用,而10-12年级的同学写议论文的时候则不太会出现。如:

What an exciting day!

引号

6.引号,主要出现在引语中。当直接引用别人的话的时候,可以使用这个符号。要注意的是,在直接引语前,应使用逗号来分隔引入这一引语的上下文或背景。如:

While I was at his house, John asked, “Do you want anything to eat?”

而一般要引出较长的正式引语或大段引语时才使用冒号。如:

In his most famous speech, he said: “All men are created equal and must enjoy the equal rights that are given by God.”

(在他最著名的演讲中,他说:“人生来是平等的,必须享受上帝所赋予的平等权利。”)

7.书名号

汉语中书名号《》可以用来标明书名、文章名、报刊名等等,但英文中没有汉语书名号的写法。在英文中,标明书籍、报刊、戏剧

电影、绘画作品等名称时, 通常采用斜体、下划线、引号、黑体或黑体基础上的下划线。比如

In his remarkable new book, Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future, Peter Thiel comes off as a brilliant young man with a tendency toward exaggeration.

在英文写作中要避免出现汉语书名号,诸如《The Economist》,《All the Light We Cannot See》这样的写法都是错误的。

8.缩略符

在考场作文以及学术论文写作中要避免使用缩略符的表达法,即 What’s more,I’ll 这类缩写要还原为完整形式( a manager’s job 这类所有格形式除外)。类似下面这样的句子:

People who can’t afford to go to the theatre or concerts can afford to go to football matches.

要改为:People who cannot afford to go to the theatre or concerts can afford to go to football matches.

9.连字符Hyphen (-) 它主要用于行末单词换行以及连接复合词的各个组成部分(比如 20-year-old son)。

以上这些标点符号是我们在aeas写作中会经常用到的,虽然较为简单,但不能轻视,需要大家充分理解并掌握,并且在写作中不出错。

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