好可怕！澳洲自来水竟含重金属–铅|住在Burwood,Epping区1930s以前建的老房子,龙头出来的水有点渣！

October 12, 2016
澳洲生活

原创 2016-10-12 澳洲游洋雅思 mel_游洋雅思

众所周知，澳大利亚的自来水是可以直接饮用的，而且经过各种测试以后证明自来水中各种矿物质的含量均高于澳洲市场上的瓶装水。

But，近期澳大利亚麦考瑞（Macquarie）大学的一项研究给家长敲响了警钟，因为研究发现，新南威尔士州家庭自来水的样本中，超过一半都含有重金属铅，其中1/12的样本含铅量超过了澳大利亚饮用水的国家标准。

研究人员表示，水管和水龙头被认为是铅污染的主要来源，这意味着即使是干净的水也有被污染的风险。

铅污染严重影响婴幼儿健康。它会影响到儿童大脑发育，造成智商（IQ）下降、注意力下降、反社会行为增加等问题。因此研究者提醒父母尤其应该注意家庭饮用水的安全。

尽管这项研究主要集中在新南威尔士州，研究人员称含铅的黄铜水管和水龙头在全澳均有销售。

相比之下，美国的法律的相关要求就很严格，美国法律规定商家不得向民众出售含铅的自来水龙头和水管配件，制造业或有工业用途的五金配件不受此限制。研究人员建议人们检查自家的饮水用安全，可以换成无铅水管配件和自来水龙头。此外，安装饮水过滤器也可以降低风险。

澳大利亚国家健康与医疗研究委员会（NHMRC）早在20年前就曾经建议限制或禁止在饮水系统中使用含铅的设备。

这是关于自来水里含铅的学术类报告（这是一篇非常适合做雅思G类阅读的文章，生词不多，易于理解归纳：

In Australia, little is heard about drinking water as a source of lead poisoning, probably because – unlike Europe and the US – lead pipe plumbing is not widespread in Australian homes. The late Lead Reference Centre (a section of NSW Environment Protection Authority devoted to lead policy and education from 1997-9) has not even devoted a fact sheet to the subject. Nevertheless, it may be an issue worth investigating if your home was built prior to the 1930’s, when copper pipes replaced lead pipes.

The main concern, however, arises out of the common use of lead based solder on brass fittings and copper pipes up until as recently as 1989. As a result of corrosion, there is a potential for the lead to leach into the water after prolonged contact. It is therefore the consumption of first flush water – the first cup of tea in the morning – which presents a hazard.

This was demonstrated in a study conducted by Dr Brian Gulson, in 1992 in the Sydney suburbs of Turramurra, Burwood, and Epping and in Broken Hill in the far west of New South Wales. The study revealed that the lead levels in first flush tap water in many cases exceeded the acceptable level.

Further studies conducted in Perth (WA) in 1993 on cold water from kitchen taps have indicated that 5% of samples were above the acceptable lead level as defined by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), 2% were above the limit for cadmium and 12% above the limit for copper.

The maximum acceptable level of lead (and other heavy metals) in drinking water has been established by the NHMRC in the “Australian Drinking Water Guidelines” at 0.01 mg/L (lowered from 0.05 mg/L). And yes, as your plumber should be able to tell you, the use of lead based solder on drinking water pipes has been banned in Australia since 1989 (see box).

However, there is virtually no monitoring of the water quality at the kitchen tap. Water quality monitoring takes place before the water reaches your home, with the exception of the occasional monitoring at the garden tap. This is not going to tell you whether the water in your kitchen is safe after travelling in your plumbing system.
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