雅思Matching题解题方法之——练习一

雅思阅读很多同学会做不完，看不懂文章，因为种种原因长期在六分上下徘徊。今天为大家总结雅思阅读的Matching题型，看看你备考雅思的时候有没有不会或不理解。

1.段落＋相关信息

-浏览标题＋首段
-浏览大题类型，确认解题顺序
-注意NB（多选，一般是最长的）
-细读信息，精准翻译，找关键词，关键词一般是：
首末段对应词
特殊词
.statistical
.demographics
.出现effects，末段可能大
.题目中有details／description一词的一般只对应段落中部例子

举例子时，作者一般用：
.For example
.say
.to think of
.i.e. e.g.
.such as ／like
.including。。。
.Put another way
.In other words

-通读文章各段，寻找关键字的同义词
-比较信息，选择答案

练习一：
PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

Does play help develop bigger, better brains?
Bryant Furlow investigates

A Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to ir than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that’ he adds. There must be a reason.

B But if play is not dimply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs – tail- wagging in dogs, for example – to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest. A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.

C Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. Rut Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape’, says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that. Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.

D Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At First glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.

E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada., reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he says.

F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ – a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children – but not infants or adults – absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice are at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its peak.

G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University. Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts – predation, aggression, reproduction/ he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation,’

H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes. ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studied how boutscf play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he says. By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, p[ay may enhance creativity.

I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peer. With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likely to get even less of a look-in. Who knows what the result of that will be?

Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs labelled A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial
insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing
a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play
a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play
the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans
the classes of animals for which play is important

2.人物＋理论

-定位人名，显著标注，顺便去掉人的称谓，另外注意人多的段子
-细读理论，划出关键字
-回文中人名定位处，寻找
引号中的直接引语，搞清楚到底是谁说的
下列动词引导的宾语从句，引导人物观点的动词：
.concede 承认
.acknowledge 宣称
.refute反驳
.Predict 预测
.Note 特别提到
.Remark评论
.Propose 提出
.conclude 结论
.Summarize 总结
.Assert 断言
.同时注意这些词
.also
…too ….as well
.Another

一般标志此人的第二个理论即将出现

-比照题目中和文中的关键字，注意同义转述
-判断答案，注意：一个人名，最多使用次数是三次